منابع مشابه
Surrogate Endpoints in Medicine
A surrogate endpoint is defined as a biomarker intended to substitute for a clinical endpoint, such as an incidence, or mortality. The evidence supporting the linkage of a biomarker to accurately substitute for a clinical endpoint may be derived from epidemiologic studies, clinical trials, in vitro analysis, animal models, and simulated biologic systems. Analytical epidemiological studies of th...
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SUMMARY Frangakis and Rubin (2002, Biometrics 58, 21-29) proposed a new definition of a surrogate endpoint (a "principal" surrogate) based on causal effects. We introduce an estimand for evaluating a principal surrogate, the causal effect predictiveness (CEP) surface, which quantifies how well causal treatment effects on the biomarker predict causal treatment effects on the clinical endpoint. A...
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Our goals in medicine are (i) to improve the quality of patients’ lives, (ii) help them to live longer, and (iii) to do so at a reasonable cost. These are our true endpoints: health status, survival, and cost. It is thus entirely consistent with this point of view that these are the fundamental concepts that can be united in a formal cost–utility analysis. These endpoints remain the best measur...
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Among the most important issues in the design of a clinical trial is the selection of the primary endpoint. Fleming et al. (1998) provided two criteria to govern its selection: the endpoint should be (i) sensitive to treatment effects, and (ii) clinically relevant. Endpoints that directly reflect how a patient feels, functions, or survives have clear clinical relevance; we refer to these as tru...
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One of the most important considerations in designing clinical trials is the choice of outcome measures. These outcome measures could be clinically meaningful endpoints that are direct measures of how patients feel, function, and survive. Alternatively, indirect measures, such as biomarkers that include physical signs of disease, laboratory measures, and radiological tests, often are considered...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Disease Markers
سال: 2002
ISSN: 0278-0240,1875-8630
DOI: 10.1155/2002/182186